ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

ȻȱɈȽɊȺɎȱɑɇȱ ɇȺɊɂɋɂ
ɍȾɄ 316.2 Ɍɿɬɚɪ ȱ. Ɉ.
ɏɚɪɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ

ɀɂɌɌə ɌȺ ɌȼɈɊɑȱɋɌɖ ȺȾȺɆȺ ɉɒȿȼɈɊɋɖɄɈȽɈ
ɋɬɚɬɬɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɧɚɪɢɫ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɫɬɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɚ, ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɚ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ. Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɜɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɸ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ: ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɫɨɰɿɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɨɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɩɭɳɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɿɯɭ. Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: Ⱥɞɚɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ. Ɍɢɬɚɪ ɂ. Ⱥ. ɀɂɁɇɖ ɂ ɌȼɈɊɑȿɋɌȼɈ ȺȾȺɆȺ ɉɒȿȼɈɊɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɨɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɫɥɚɜɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ: ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: Ⱥɞɚɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ. Titar I. LIFE AND WORKS OF ADAM PRZEWORSKI The article deals with life and scientific activity of Polish-born American sociologist, political scientist and economist Adam Przeworski. The main works which made this author scientifically famous worldwide are considered. Among them there are works on methodology of comparative research, history of social democracy, links between the stability of political regimes and their socioeconomic performance. Przeworski’s style is also analyzed and assumptions about the factors of his success are made. Key words: Adam Przeworski, democracy. ɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ – ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɩɥɢɜɨɜɿɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɢ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɿɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɚɪɧɿ, ɡɞɟɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɱɢɫɶ ɧɚ „ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ” ɦɿɠ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ, ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɩɨɞɟɤɨɥɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ. ɇɚɣɜɿɞɨɦɿɲɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɬɟɨɪɿɽɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ:

Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ

1) ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɣ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɹɦɢ, ɚ ɣ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɿ 1. ȼ ɧɚɭɰɿ ɬɚɤ ɛɭɜɚɽ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ. 2) Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽ ɇɨɛɟɥɿɜɫɶɤɭ ɩɪɟɦɿɸ (ɳɨɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɹɤ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝ). ɇɚɜɿɬɶ, ɹɤɳɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬɶɫɹ, ɫɚɦ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɩɟɁɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɦ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɧɚɜɢɞɚɬɧɿɲɿ ɬɜɨɪɿɧɧɹ ɧɿɦɟɰɶɤɢɣ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮ ɏɚɧɧɚ Ⱥɪɟɧɞɬ ɜɜɚɠɚɥɚ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ, ɩɪɨ ɹɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ.
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© Ɍɿɬɚɪ ȱ.Ɉ., 2011. 276

ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

ɤɭɥɹɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɰɸ ɬɟɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɡɧɚɱɭɳɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɭɤɨɸ ɰɿɽʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ȼ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɦɭ ɪɨɰɿ Ⱥɞɚɦɭ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɨɜɧɢɥɨɫɶ 70 ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ȼɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɜɢɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿɜ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ Ɏ. Ɂɧɚɧɟɰɶɤɢɣ, Ɂ. Ȼɚɭɦɚɧ, ɉ. ɒɬɨɦɩɤɚ, Ɂɛ. Ȼɠɟɡɢɧɫɶɤɢɣ, ɧɭ ɿ, ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨ, Ⱥ.ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɧɢɯ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɿ) ɞɨɫɹɝɥɢ ɭɫɩɿɯɭ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɋɒȺ. Ȼɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ, ɿ ɰɟ ɧɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɰɸ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɞɭɠɟ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ, ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɦ ɜ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɪɿɱɱɿ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɬɚ ɦɚɪɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɪɚɡɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɦ ɡɿ ɡɥɨɦ. Ɂ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɜɥɭɱɧɨ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɜɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɢɣ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮ Ʌɽɲɟɤ Ʉɨɥɚɤɨɜɫɶɤɢɣ (ɹɤɨɝɨ ɦɢ ɳɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɽɦɨ ɧɢɠɱɟ), ɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ: „Ⱦɢɹɜɨɥ ɽ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ”. Ⱥ. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ, ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ, ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɜɚɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɿɫɬɶ, ɚɥɟ ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɰɿɥɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɜɿɞ ɧɟʀ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɥɹɜɫɹ. ɓɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɧ, ɫɯɨɠɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɚɝɚɧɶ ɜɢɛɪɚɜ ɲɥɹɯ ɦɿɝɪɚɧɬɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭɫɶ ɫɟɧɫɿ ɩɨɪɜɚɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɧɢɬɨɱɨɤ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɡ ɛɚɬɶɤɿɜɳɢɧɨɸ2 . Ⱥɥɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɫɥɿɞɤɭɜɚɜ, ɡɚ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, ɩɢɫɚɜ ɩɪɨ ɧɟʀ ɿ ɞɨ ɧɟʀ ɩɪɢʀɠɞɠɚɜ. Ⱥɞɚɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɜɫɹ ɜ ɫɿɦ’ʀ ɥɿɤɚɪɿɜ ɭ ɬɪɚɜɧɿ 1940 ɪɨɤɭ ɜ ɨɤɭɩɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɧɿɦɰɹɦɢ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ. ȼɿɧ ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɚɱɢɜ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɚ – ɬɨɣ ɡɚɝɢɧɭɜ ɳɟ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ȼɚɬɶɤɨ ɛɭɜ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɚɪɦɿʀ, ɩɨɩɚɜ ɭ ɩɨɥɨɧ ɞɨ ɪɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɿɣɫɶɤ ɿ ɡɚɝɢɧɭɜ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɿɥɿɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɮɿɰɟɪɿɜ ɭ Ʉɚɬɢɧɿ 3.
ȼ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ ɀɟɪɚɪɞɨ Ɇɭɧɤɭ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɜ: “ə ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɱɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɿɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɿ” [ɞɢɜ.: 1, ɫ. 490]. ɐɟ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ ɽ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɛɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɰɿɣ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ. 3 Ɂɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɝɢɛɟɥɿ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ Ʉɚɱɢɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɫɿ ɡɧɚɸɬɶ, ɞɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɚɬɢɧɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɜɨɹɤɿɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɪɦɿʀ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɿɥɸɜɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɿʀ, ɚ ɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɿɞ ɏɚɪɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɡɿ ɧɚ ɉ’ɹɬɢɯɚɬɤɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɰɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɫ, ɹɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ.
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ɍ 1957 ɪɨɰɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɞɨ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ, ɦɚɸɱɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɬɭ ɜɢɜɱɚɬɢ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɿɸ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɫɶɤɿ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɡ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɜ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɿ ɜɪɟɲɬɿ-ɪɟɲɬ ɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɨɦ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ. ɉɟɪɿɨɞ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ ɩɪɢɣɲɨɜɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ „ɞɟɫɬɚɥɿɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ” (ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɪɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨʀ „ɜɿɞɥɢɝɢ”) ɿ ɛɭɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɜɢɞɚɬɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɱɚɫ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮ Ʌɽɲɟɤ Ʉɨɥɚɤɨɜɫɶɤɢɣ, ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɟɦɿɝɪɭɜɚɬɢ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ4, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ – „Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɟɱɿʀ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɭ” – ɧɚɣɜɩɥɢɜɨɜɿɲɟ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɭ ɹɤ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ5. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ ɞɨɦɿɧɚɧɬɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɬɟɱɿɹɦɢ, ɛɭɥɢ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɿɡɦ (ɹɤɢɣ ɦɚɜ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ ɫɜɨɽ ɦɿɰɧɟ ɤɨɪɿɧɧɹ) ɬɚ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ. ɋɥɿɞɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɰɢɯ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɿɣ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɿɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɫɬɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ. ɍ 1961 ɪɨɰɿ ɞɜɚɞɰɹɬɢɪɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ Ⱥɞɚɦɭ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɥɚ ɧɚɝɨɞɚ ɩɨʀɯɚɬɢ ɞɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, ɳɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨ-Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ (Northwestern University). Ⱥ.ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɡ ɪɚɞɿɫɬɸ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɜɫɹ ɰɢɦ ɲɚɧɫɨɦ. ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɜɿɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɜɫɹ ɛɢ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɦɨɪɹɤɨɦ, ɚɛɢ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢʀɯɚɬɢ ɡ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ. Ⱦɨɞɚɦɨ, ɳɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɣ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɿɣ ɦ’ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ6. ɍ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɋɨɸɡɿ ɰɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ ɭɹɜɢɬɢ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ. ɍ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨ-Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ, ɧɚ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɿ, ɞɟ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɱɚɜ ɭɱɢɬɢɫɶ, ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɿ ɜɱɟɧɿ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ „ɛɿɯɟɜɿɨɪɚɥɿɫɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ” ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɧɚɭɰɿ. ɇɚ ɠɚɥɶ, ɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɧɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ, ɬɨɦɭ, ɡɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜɿɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɿɡɧɚɜɫɹ ɧɿɱɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨɝɨ. ȯɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɛɭɜ ɤɭɪɫ ɡ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢȾɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɸ. Ɂ ɚɧɝɥɨɦɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɛɿɛɥɿɨɬɟɰɿ ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɿɦ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɏɚɪɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ.ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɚ ɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɛɿɛɥɿɨɬɟɤɢ Ɉɦɟɥɹɧɚ ɉɪɿɰɚɤɚ. 6 Ȼɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɜ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ ɜ ɩɿɫɥɹɜɨɽɽɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ (ɿ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ) ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɢ ɜ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɣ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ Ⱥ. ɋɭɥɽɤɚ [2].
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ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

ɰɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɤɚ Ⱦɨɧɚɥɶɞɚ Ɍ. Ʉɟɦɩɛɟɥɥɚ. ɉɪɨɜɿɜɲɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɨɤɢ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɜɫɹ ɞɨ ɉɨɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ. ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɫɶɤɿɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿʀ ɧɚɭɤ. ɍ ɰɟɣ ɱɚɫ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɜ ɞɜɿ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. ɉɟɪɲɭ ɡ ɧɢɯ, ɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ, – ɞɥɹ ɋɒȺ, ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɡ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ, – ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ. əɤ ɧɟ ɞɢɜɧɨ, ɣɨɦɭ ɜɞɚɥɨɫɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɛɢɞɜɿ, ɿ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɰɟ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɿ (ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɬɭɞɢ ɩɪɢʀɯɚɥɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɿɜ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ). ɐɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɨɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɜ 1966 ɿ 1967 ɪɨɤɚɯ. əɤɳɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɛɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɧɜɢ, ɜɢɳɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɽ ɩɨɤɚɡɨɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɫɬɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ – ɜɿɧ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɭ ɩɥɨɞɸɱɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɚɪɧɿɫɬɶ. ɍ 1967 ɪɨɰɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɟɦɟɫɬɪ ɜ ɉɟɧɫɢɥɶɜɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɚ ɞɟɳɨ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ – ɜ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɋɟɣɧɬ Ʌɭʀɫɿ. ɑɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɣɲɨɜɫɹ ɧɚ 1968 ɪɿɤ, ɫɥɚɜɟɬɧɢɣ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɚɧɬɢɭɪɹɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. əɤ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɦɿɬɢɧɝɢ ɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɪɟɲɬɢ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɢɫɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ), ɞɪɭɡɿ ɩɨɪɚɞɢɥɢ Ⱥɞɚɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɇɚɩɟɜɧɨ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɭɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɣ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɇɚ ɠɚɥɶ, ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɦɚɜ ɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ: ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɡɢ ɞɨɛɿɝɚɜ ɤɿɧɰɹ, ɿ ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɦɿɝ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɋɒȺ. ɉɨɲɭɤɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɯɨɱ ɹɤɨɫɶ „ɡɚɱɟɩɢɬɢɫɶ” ɧɿɱɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ. ɍ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ, ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɨɜɨ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ 1968 ɪɨɤɭ ɜɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɿɜɪɨɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɩɢɜ ɞɨ ɑɢɥɿ. ɐɟɣ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ, ɟɩɿɡɨɞ ɦɚɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɛɥɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɨʀ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɜ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɹɠɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɭɤɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɿ ɫɥɿɞɢ ɪɨɡɞɭɦɿɜ ɧɚɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɨɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɿɬ. ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɨɜɿɜ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɿ ɡɧɨɜɭ ɜ ɑɢɥɿ. ȼɪɟɲɬɿ-ɪɟɲɬ, ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɑɢɤɚɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ, ɞɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ (ɡ 1973 ɩɨ 1995 ɪɿɤ). ɑɚɫ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɯ ɡɥɟɬɿɜ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɹɤ ɦɢ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɦɨ, ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɨɞɧɿ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɣɜɚ-

ɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɣɰɢɬɨɜɚɧɿɲɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ. Ɂɥɟɬɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɢ ɹɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɜ 1980-ɯ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 1990-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɜ ɞɨ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɪɬɤɚ „ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɿɜ”. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ ɹɜɥɹɜ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ7, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɿ ɡɚ ɦɟɬɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɯɨɞɹɱɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ. Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɛɭɥɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɪɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɭ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɟ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ, ɦɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɸɱɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ: ɞɟɹɤɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɹɤ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɲɭɤɢ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɝɪɭɩɢ; ɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɿɞɨɦɨ, ɳɨ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɬɚ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɥɟɝɲɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɿɞɟʀ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 1990-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɢɣɲɨɜ ɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨʀ ɜɢɳɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɪɨɡɱɚɪɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɿ, ɩɪɢɣɲɨɜɲɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɡ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɠɟ ɜɢɞɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɿɱɨɝɨ „ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ”. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɑɢɤɚɝɨ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟʀɯɚɜ ɞɨ ɇɶɸ Ƀɨɪɤɚ ɿ ɞɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɜ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɬɚ (New York University). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ Ɂɪɟɲɬɨɸ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɜɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɨɥɿ, ɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɲɭɤɚɦɢ. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɽ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɿ ɫɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ (ɨɫɬɚɧɧɽ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ) ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɹɬɢ ɤɧɢɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ (ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɩɭɛɥɿɰɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ). ɉɟɪɲɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɰɿ8. Ⱦɟɹɤɿ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɚɥɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɭɫɩɿɯ ɿ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɭɤɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɜɿ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɠɟ ɡɝɚɞɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ „Ȼɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ”. ɇɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ „Ʌɨɝɿɤɚ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ” („Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry”) (1970), ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ Ƚɟɧɪɿ Ɍɟɭɧɟ [4]. ɐɹ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɥɨɡɧɚɧɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ
Ʉɪɿɦ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ Ɋɨɣɦɟɪɚ (John Roemer), Ⱦɠɟɪɿ Ʉɨɟɧɚ (Gerry Cohen), Ƀɨɧɚ ȿɥɫɬɟɪɚ (Jon Elster) ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ. 8 Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ 2007 ɪɿɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɭɬ: [3].
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ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

ɜ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ. əɤ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɥɨɫɹ, ɩɨɩɪɢ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɭ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ, ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨʀ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɿʀ, ɬɨɦɭ ɜɿɧ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ „ɧɚɨɫɥɿɩ”. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɚ Ɍɟɭɧɟ ɫɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɿ ɯɨɱɚ ɛ ɹɤɢɣɫɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɿ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɥɢ, ɳɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɥɢ. əɤ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɜɢɳɟɡɝɚɞɚɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɨɫɢɥɚɬɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟʀ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭ, ɚ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ – ɦɟɬɨɞɭ „ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ” ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ „ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ” – ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɭ ɿɫɬɢɧɭ, ɯɨɱɚ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɜ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɜɨɧɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɦ ɬɚ Ɍɟɭɧɟ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ – ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɬɚɽ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɟɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɿɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɨɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ. ȼɢɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɦ ɬɚ Ɍɟɭɧɟ ɜ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɰɢɦ ɡɚɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɡɧɚɧɿ ɿɫɬɢɧɢ. Ɂɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ, ɩɿɡɧɿɲɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɑɚɪɥɶɡɚ Ɋɟɣɞɠɢɧɚ [5]) ɩɿɲɥɢ ɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɞɚɥɿ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ „Ʌɨɝɿɤɢ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ” ɰɟ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɿɪɜɚɥɨ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ 1980-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɳɟ „ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɭ” ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɞɜɿ ɤɧɢɝɢ (ɿ ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ), ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ – „Ʉɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ” (1985) [6], ɞɪɭɝɚ – „ɉɚɩɟɪɨɜɟ ɤɚɦɿɧɧɹ: ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɡɦɭ” (1986), ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɿ ɡ Ⱦɠɨɧɨɦ ɋɩɪɚɝɨɦ [7]. Ɉɛɢɞɜɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɛɭɥɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɡɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. ɐɿ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɡɚɿɧɬɪɢɝɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɟɸ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ, ɱɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɦ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɞɨ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɿɫɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɨɰɿɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ (ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ – ɱɨɦɭ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɫɬɚɜɚɬɢ ɣ ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɸ, ɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ „ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɢɯ” ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ). Ɉɞɧɚ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɟɣ – ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫɭ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɭɬɭ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɲɢɪɲɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨʀ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɛɭɥɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɨɸ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɭɫɩɿɯ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɥɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɿ ɪɢɧɨɤ:

ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ ɭ ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɬɚ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɿɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ” (1991) [8].9 ɇɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ, ɰɟ ɧɚɣɰɢɬɨɜɚɧɿɲɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɩɥɢɜɨɜɿɲɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 1990-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɰɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ – ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɞɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɿɹɦ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɭɠɟ ɜɚɠɤɨ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ – ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɬɚ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɨʀ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. ɍɦɨɜɧɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ (ɤɨɠɧɚ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɝɥɚɜ), ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɿ ɞɜɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦ ɞɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɬɚ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦ. ɉɟɪɟɞɭɽ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɰɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ „ɚɪɬɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ” ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɞɭɠɟ ɧɟɨɪɬɨɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɬɚɤɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦ ɿɡ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɡɦɨɦ. Ɂɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ, ɤɧɢɝɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɦɚɥɢɣ ɭɫɩɿɯ ɭɠɟ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɦ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 1990-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ), ɚɥɟ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɜɞɿ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ʀʀ ɜɟɥɢɱɟɡɧɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿɲɿ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɿ ɪɢɧɨɤ” ɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɚ ɟɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ. ɐɟ ɞɭɠɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɩɟɪɲɿɣ ɝɥɚɜɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɸ ɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɸ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɝɪɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ. ɍ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ „ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɝɪɢ” (ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ) ɜɿɞɨɦɿ, ɚɥɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ. ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ, ɭ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ „ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɝɪɢ” ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɦɿɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ, ɚɥɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɩɪɚɜɥɹɱɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɽ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɭ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɹɤ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɭ – ɰɟ ɬɟɠ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɟɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.10 ɍ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɝɥɚɜɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɭɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɞɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɡ ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ „ɬɜɟɪɞɨʀ” ɿ „ɦ’ɹɤɨʀ” ɥɿɧɿɣ ɭ ɜɥɚɞɧɿɣ ɬɚ

ɉɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɟɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲ, ɧɿɠ ɞɟɫɹɬɶɦɚ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ – ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ [9], ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɸ – ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ Ƚɥɚɜɢ 2 [10]. 10 ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɜ ɰɸ ɿɞɟɸ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ «Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɹɤ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɚ» [11], ɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ʀʀ ɩɿɞɯɨɩɢɥɢ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɠɟ ɿɞɟɹ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ȼɿɥɶɮɪɟɞɨ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ.

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ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949
ɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɟɥɿɬɚɯ11. ɇɚɪɟɲɬɿ, ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɿɣ ɝɥɚɜɿ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɹɤɚ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɡɚɪɚɡ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɯ, ɯɬɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɨɸ). ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ, ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ „ɰɿɧɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ”, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɹɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɰɹ ɰɿɧɚ ɩɨ-ɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ. ɓɟ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɸ ɭɫɩɿɯɭ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ” ɽ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ʀʀ ɩɟɪɲɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ) ɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɚ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɤɨɸ ɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɰɟ ɜɠɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɚ ɞɟɮɿɧɿɰɿɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɹɤ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɹɤ „ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤɿɣ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ”. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɪɿɱ. ɉɨɩɪɢ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɬɟɨɪɿɣ, ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɧɚ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɭɫɩɿɯɨɦ, ɽ ɬɟɨɪɿɹ ɿɝɨɪ. ɋɚɦɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɽʀ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɿ ɭɫɩɿɯɨɦ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɿ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ. Ⱦɨ ɪɟɱɿ, ɞɟɳɨ ɜɿɞɜɨɥɿɤɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɞɭɽ ɜɫɿɦ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɯɚɬɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɡ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿɝɨɪ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɰɢɦ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɽɦ, ɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɭɦɤɭ, ɜɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɚ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɿɜɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɬɹ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɡ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ (ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɣ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢɬɢ ɇɨɛɟɥɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɩɪɟɦɿɽɸ). ȿɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɬɹ „Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ: ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɢ” (1997), ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɞɨ Ʌɿɦɨɧɠɿ [12], ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɧɢɝɚ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ: ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɭɬ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ, 1950-1990” (2000), ɫɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɥɢ Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ⱥɥɶɜɚɪɟɡ, ɏɨɫɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿɨ ɑɟɿɛɚɛ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɞɨ Ʌɿɦɨɧɠɿ [13]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɥɹɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɶ, ɛɭɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɢɞɜɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɸɬɶ ɚ) ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɤɿɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ – ɋɟɣɦɭɪɚ Ɇɚɪɬɿɧɚ Ʌɿɩɫɟɬɚ ɬɚ ɋɟɦɸɟɥɹ ɏɚɧɬɿɧɝɬɨɧɚ – ɳɨɞɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ12, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɛ) ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ɋɬɚɬɬɹ „Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ: ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɢ” ɪɨɡɜɿɧɱɭɽ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ Ʌɿɩɫɟɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɨɰɿɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ13. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ, ɜ ɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɭɩɥɢɜ ɩɚɞɿɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ14. „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ”, ɜ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡɿ ɫɬɚɬɬɟɸ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ, ɚɥɟ ɞɟɳɨ ɲɢɪɲɟ ɬɚ ɝɥɢɛɲɟ „Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ..” ɬɚ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ” ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɥɢ ɱɢɦɚɥɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɸ, ɚɥɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɱɨɦɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɥɢɜɭ. ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɰɿɧɢɥɚ ɤɪɨɩɿɬɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɸ ɡɿ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɞɚɧɢɯ (ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ data mining), ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɥɢ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ. ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɿɞ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ (ɿ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ, ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ). ȱɧɲɿ ɦɚɥɢ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɧɢɝɢ „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɬɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ” (ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ʀɯ ɜɢɦɭɲɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɥɢ). ɍ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɨɸ Ⱥ.ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤ ɡ ɰɿɽʀ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ – „Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɪɢɧɤɢ: ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀ” (2003) [14]. ɐɟ ɞɭɠɟ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɿ ɰɿɤɚɜɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɚɥɟ, ɧɚ ɠɚɥɶ, ɫɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɱɿɜ-ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ – „Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ ɬɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ (2010), ɹɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɜ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɿʀ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ, ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɨɧɨ ɽ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɦ [15]. ɋɬɢɥɶ ɉɪɨ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɪɨɛɿɬ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɢ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɿɧ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿ

ɏɨɱɚ ɰɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɹɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ƚ. Ɉ’ȾɨɧɧɟɥɥɚɎ. ɒɦɿɬɬɟɪɚ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɛɭɜ ɬɢɦ, ɯɬɨ ɭ 1980-ɬɿ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɜ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ, ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɨɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ.

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Ʌɿɩɫɟɬ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɨɦ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɨɰɿɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ. ɏɚɧɬɿɧɝɬɨɧ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɜ, ɳɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɭɸɱɨɸ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ ɿ ɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɚɞɿɧɧɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ. 13 ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɚ Ʌɿɦɨɧɠɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɫɶ, ɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɿɲɟ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɲɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ. 14 ȼ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɱɚɫ, ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɿɜ, ɧɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɝɿɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɋ.ɏɚɧɬɿɧɝɬɨɧɚ: ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ (ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ – ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ).

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ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɢɣ, ɡɞɚɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɬɚɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɱɿɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ, ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɿɧ ɰɟ ɛɚɱɢɬɶ, ɱɿɬɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ. ɐɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜ ɞɜɨɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ. ɉɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɱɿɬɤɿɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɿɫɬɶ – ɰɟ ɿɞɟɚɥɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɬɹɝɧɟɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɡɪɚɡɤɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɧɟɪɿɞɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɥɿ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ. ɉɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɫɬɢɥɶ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɦ ɿ ɜɢɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɽ ʀɯ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ. Ⱥɥɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɫɭɬɿ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɱɢɬɚɱɿɜ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɪɨɡɭɦɨɜɨʀ ɧɚɩɪɭɝɢ. əɤ ɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɯɨɪɨɲɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɪɚɰɿ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɭɜɚɬɢ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɟɛɬɨ ɜɠɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɛɚɱɢɲ ɜ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɜɿɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɢ – ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɰɟ ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɦ, ɚɥɟ ɩɨɬɿɦ – ɩɪɨɫɬɿɲɢɦ. ɓɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɪɢɫɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, – ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɥɹɬɶ. ɐɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɿ ɜɢɳɟ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ, ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ15. ȱɧɲɚ ɪɢɫɚ, ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɚ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ, – ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɟɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ. ɉɟɪɟɮɪɚɡɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɏɚɧɧɭ Ⱥɪɟɧɞɬ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɛɭɜ ʀɦ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɣ, ɿ ɧɟɜɿɪɧɢɣ, ɚɥɟ ɨɛɨɦɚ ɩɨɱɭɬɬɹɦɢ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɥɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɥɸɛɨɜ ɞɨ ɿɫɬɢɧɢ. ɋɬɢɥɶ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿɪɨɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɡɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɧɿɱɧɢɦ. ȼɿɧ ɜɿɞɜɟɪɬɨ (ɚɛɨ ɹɤ ɜɿɧ ɫɚɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɜ ɛɢ - ɩɪɹɦɨ) ɩɢɲɟ ɩɪɨ ɧɟ ɞɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɿ ɪɟɱɿ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɪɟɠɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɣ), ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ʀɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ „ɜɢɤɪɢɜɚɬɢ”, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɞɭɫɿ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɚɩɪɿɨɪɿ „ɧɟɞɨɛɪɿ”. Ɂɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ Ȼɟɡɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ – ɜɢɞɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɟɰɶ ɿ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɹɫɤɪɚɜɿɲɢɯ ɮɿɝɭɪ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨʀ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɢ XX ɫɬɨɪɿɱɱɹ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɛɢɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ
ȼ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ ɀ. Ɇɭɧɤɭ ɫɚɦ Ⱥ.ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɜ ɞɟɳɨ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ: ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ, ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ.
15

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ȼɩɥɢɜɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ, ɳɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɢ ʀɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɸɽɦɨ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɜɧɢɦ ɛɚɪ’ɽɪɨɦ. ɑɢɦ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɿɯɭ ɩɪɚɰɶ Ⱥ.ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɹɤɳɨ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɟɦɿɝɪɚɧɬɫɶɤɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɥɿɜɿ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ)? ɋɤɨɪɿɲɟ ɡɚ ɜɫɟ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ Ⱥ. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɚɧɝɚ-ɠɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ, ɯɨɱɚ ɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɱɢ ʀɯ ɩɿɞ ɧɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɭɬɚɦɢ ɡɨɪɭ, ɧɚɱɟɛɬɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɶ ɚɛɨ ɣ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿɣ, ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɿ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ (ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɯ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɿ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɸ ɬɚ ɩɢɥɨɦ) ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ16. Ⱥ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɹɤɢɦɨɫɶ ɬɟɦɚɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ, ɚ ɹɤɢɦɨɫɶ ɧɿ, – ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɣ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ.
ɅȱɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
1. Munck G . Adam Przeworski: Capitalism, Democracy, and Science / Munck Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder //. Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. – P. 456-503. 2. Sulek A . „“To America!”: Polish Sociologists in the United States after 1956 and the Development of Empirical Sociology in Poland” // East European Politics and Societies. – 2010. – Vol. 24. – No. 3 (Summer). – P. 327-352. 3. Curriculum Vitae Adam Przeworski [ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ: http://politics.as.nyu.edu/object/AdamPrzeworski 4. Przeworski A. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry / Adam Przeworski and Teune Henry. – New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1970. – 153 p. 5. Ragin C. The Comparative Method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies / C. C. Ragin. – Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. – 218p.
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ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɛɨ ɧɿ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɸ ɥɿɧɿɸ – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ. ɇɚɣɹɫɪɚɜɿɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ Ɂɚɯɚɪɿʀ ȿɥɤɿɧɫɚ [16], ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɜɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɢ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ (ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɿ/ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɿ) ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡɿ ɲɤɚɥɶɧɢɦ. ɇɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ ɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ȿɥɤɿɧɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ, ɳɨ ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɣ.

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ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɏɇɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȼ. ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɿɧɚ, ɫɟɪɿɹ „ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɨɥɨɝɿʀ” ʋ 949

6.

Przeworski A. Capitalism and Social Democracy / Adam Przeworski. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. – 280 p. 7. Przeworski A. Paper Stones. A History of Electoral Socialism / A. Przeworski and John Sprague. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. – 230 p. 8. Przeworski A. Democracy and the Market; Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America / Adam Przeworski. – New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. – 228 p. 9. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɤ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ; [ ɩɟɪ ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɉɪɨɮ. Ȼɚɠɚɧɨɜɚ ȼ. Ⱥ.] – Ɇ.: „Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ” (ɊɈɋɋɉɗɇ), 1999. – 320 ɫ. 10. ɉɲɟɜɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ: ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ // Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿɹ: Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɿɹ ; [ɭɩɨɪɹɞ. Ɉ. ɉɪɨɰɟɧɤɨ]. – Ʉ.: „ɋɦɨɥɨɫɤɢɩ”, 2005. – ɋ. 605 - 648.

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Przeworski A. „Democracy as an equilibrium” / Adam Przeworski. – Public Choice. – 2005. – Vol. 123. – No. 3/4 (January). – P. 253-273. Przeworski A. Modernization: Theories and Facts / Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi. – World Politics. – 1997. – Vol. 49. – P. 155-183. Przeworski A. Democracy and Development; Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 / Adam Przeworski. – New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. – 336 p. Przeworski A. States and Markets; A Primer in Political Economy / Adam Przeworski. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 236 p. Przeworski A. Democracy and the Limits of SelfGovernment / Adam Przeworski. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. – 216 p. Elkins Z. Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations / Zachary Elkins. – American Journal of Political Science. – 2000. – Vol. 44. – No. 2. (April). – P. 293-300.

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